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Misinformation, Bias and Fact Checking: Mastering Media Literacy

For those wanting to learn how to critically evaluate information and make informed decisions in an era of digital noise and hidden agendas, start here.

Why do people share misinformation?

Many people share misinformation unknowingly and sometimes with good or altruistic intentions - whether to articulate their perspectives, warn others away from danger or join others in trying to make sense of the world around them.

But some knowingly share things they suspect are false - whether to damage “the other side” in a political debate, get social media likes and shares, or conform to their ideological identities. Bad actors - such as hyperpartisans, trolls and even foreign agents - create and share disinformation to cause division and confusion, to promote political interests and points of view or for financial gain.

Source: News Literacy Project

Misinformation and Disinformation

Banner with the text 'Misinformation and Disinformation'

Use this section of the guide to help you understand what misinformation and disinformation is, learn why people share it and what red flags to look out for.

Misinformation versus Disinformation

 

Green box with white text that defines misinformation: 'Misinformation – misinformation misleads. It is false, but not created or shared with the intention of causing harm.' Green box with white text that defines disinformation: 'Disinformation - disinformation deceives. It is deliberately created to mislead, harm, or manipulate a person, social group, organization, our country.' Green box with white text that defines malinformation: 'Malinformation - malinformation sabotages. It is based on fact, but used out of context to mislead, harm, or manipulate.'

Adapted content from The Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency (CISA)

Common misinformation themes and “rumor cues" to look out for:

Phrases Patterns
  • “Let that sink in”
  • “The media won’t report this”
  •  “Make this go viral”
  • “Do your own research”
  • “There are no coincidences”
  • Manipulated text on signs or t-shirts
  • Doctored “amazing” nature or space photos
  • Photos of protests and crowds
  • Screenshots of articles with no links

Adapted content from the News Literacy Project

Types of Misinformation

Infographic illustrating four types of misinformation - False Context, Satire, Imposter Content, and Manipulated Content, each represented with a brief explanation.