There are many different types of academic and professional writing styles. The four guidebooks below represent some of the major ones. Use these guides to learn how professional researchers and writers prepare their manuscripts for publication or sharing.
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Humanities |
Social Sciences | Humanities & Social Sciences | Some Sciences |
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MLA Handbook |
APA Manual |
Chicago Manual |
CSE Manual |
Although these resources are not official, they are still credible and very useful! If one of these websites doesn't answer your question, check out the official style guide or contact a librarian for help!
These helpful guided from UO Libraries provide information on various citation styles.
Photo by Simon Maage on Unsplash
Attribution statements give credit to the original creator(s) whenever you reuse or re-purpose their content. If someone reused your creative works would you want them to give you attribution?
“Creative Commons 10th Birthday Celebration San Francisco” by tvol is licensed under CC BY 2.0
What's the difference between attribution and a citation? |
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Citation |
Attribution |
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Academic and legal purposes (plagiarism and copyright infringement). |
Legal purposes (e.g., rules of Creative Commons licenses). |
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The rights of the copy (meaning copyright) are NOT shared with the general public by the copyright holder. |
Copyright IS shared with the general public by the copyright holder by marking the work with an open-copyright license. |
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Protects an author who wants to refer to a restricted work by another author. |
Author of an open work has given advanced permissions to use their work. |
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Used to quote or paraphrase a limited portion of a restricted work. |
Used to quote (or paraphrase) all or a portion of an openly licensed work. |
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Can paraphrase, but cannot change work without permission. |
Author has give advanced permission to change work. |
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Many citation styles are available: APA, Chicago, MLA. |
Attribution statement styles are still emerging, but there are some defined best practices. |
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A reference list of cited resources are typically placed at the end of the book. |
Attribution statements are found on the same page as the resource. |
Photo Credit: UO Libraries
Note: Please check the websites below for availability of online or remote services:
The Elements of Style by
You know the authors' names. You recognize the title. You've probably used this book yourself. This is The Elements of Style, the classic style manual, now in a fourth edition. A new Foreword by Roger Angell reminds readers that the advice of Strunk & White is as valuable today as when it was first offered.This book's unique tone, wit and charm have conveyed the principles of English style to millions of readers. Use the fourth edition of "the little book" to make a big impact with writing.
Writing in the Sciences: Exploring Conventions of Scientific Discourse by
A rhetorical, multi-disciplinary guide, Writing in the Sciences discusses the major genres of science writing including research reports, grant proposals, conference presentations, and a variety of forms of public communication. Multiple samples from real research cases illustrate a range of scientific disciplines and audiences for scientific research along with the corresponding differences in focus, arrangement, style, and other rhetorical dimensions. Comparisons among disciplines provide the opportunity for students to identify common conventions in science and investigate variation across fields.
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